Law governing Turkey Essay Example for Free

Law administering Turkey Essay IVF (in vitro preparation) alludes to treatment for fruitlessness, in which eggs are expelled from a womans body, treated with sperm in a research center, and afterward came back to the belly in no time a short time later to keep creating. IVF has been incredibly accomplished by the Turkish Medicine people group with the end goal that even individual moms and couples from different nations emergency clinics in go into Turkey so as to get youngsters through this procedure. The sperms gave by sperm givers experience screening so as to check their wellbeing status and the attractive qualities required by most patients (ourbodiesourselves para2). These advances in advances are not in congruity with the way of life and the law administering Turkey. The paces at which the innovations are progressing are more prominent than the rate at which the general public is reacting to such changes, particularly by those in lower financial class. Yet, again numerous individuals would incline toward the possibility of proxy parenthood and oocyte gift to some new procedures that are applied in clinical practice today. Everywhere throughout the world, Turkey notwithstanding, individuals are as yet bantering on the social and moral effects of oocyte gift and surrogacy on the general public. As per (Selim, et al 34), relatively few investigations have been done in Turkish society to get their perspectives on proxy parenthood and oocyte gift. In any case, considers that have been directed with a point of examining the moral quandaries looked by the Turkish individuals on in vitro preparation and oocyte gift have indicated that even most fruitless wedded females would at present not acknowledge substitute parenthood and egg gift. The greater part of them had favored reception to IVF technique. They reason that, these progressions in medication are against nature (Selim, Et al 54). Strikingly, numerous examinations completed in Turkey show that numerous individuals consent to oocyte gift. Investigation Ethics is the conviction and rules that decide people’s conduct which thus shapes people’s culture. IVF and oocyte gift for quite a while has been a subject of discussion particularly concerning their clashing qualities to cultural standards and simultaneously the need to satisfy patients’ wants to have youngsters. Regularly fruitless couples can settle on choice on what they need with respect to having kids yet this is constrained the laws that oversee generation in Turkey. The laws must be steady with the socio-social and strict qualities, which in Turkey doesn't allow certain regenerative medicines. Moral issues that have ascended since this innovation came to put incorporate the spread of gay relationships which is against Islamic and Christian lessons and is a danger to moral being of most social orders on the planet (Jinemed Hospital para 4). Sadly, even Lesbian couples and gay men employ proxies to bring forth their kids. This is against the reason for which the innovation was created. Another issue is the supportability of most relationships in Turkey as well as in the entire world when all is said in done particularly in USA where most separation cases happen. A few ladies especially those of high financial status want to remain single in light of the fact that after all there is oocyte gift and they can stand to pay proxies. Some simply do this since she could never need to be seen pregnant or to shoulder the torment of conveying the infant in her belly. These advancements effectsly affect relationships today since anyone can have a youngster whether in a relationship or not. In spite of the fact that Turkey doesn't encounter high separation rates as the USA, yet it despite everything balances an issue. The issue about the security of the family has additionally been a significant concern particularly on the substitute mother originates from. The primary substitute mother on the planet, Elizabeth Kane depicts her trial as proxy mother to be one of the most noticeably terrible encounters throughout her life since ordinarily the general public has eyes on you and your family. She says that being a substitute mentally and genuinely influences the mother, her significant other and even their youngsters. It even gets hard to consider giving up the kid to the mother because of the passionate connection between the proxy mother and the kid. She considers being a proxy to be prostitution (Ourbodiesourselves para 2). End IVF (in vitro preparation) and oocyte gift had all the sincere goals yet its negative effects were not genuinely investigated before trying it for people and that is the motivation behind why concocting a legitimate and comprehensive enactment has not been conceivable in Turkey as well as in any nation on the planet. Much the same as cloning has been a major issue and danger to people, IVF may be unique yet it presents nearly a similar danger to individuals. Legitimate enactment is important to check the moral issues that have been raised by strict networks and the common society. Once more, much the same as fetus removal, enactment alone may not contribute much in rethinking such practices. The most significant is the demeanor of the individuals towards such advancements. Works Cited Page Jinemed Hospital: Infertility treatment in Turkey. Instinct Communication Ltd, Istanbul 2010 Retrieved from http://www. treatmentabroad. com/fruitlessness treatment-abroad/turkey-barrenness/jinemed-emergency clinic/Our Bodies Ourselves: The Politics of Womens Health. Wellbeing Resource Center, Boston. 2008 Retrieved from http://www. ourbodiesourselves. organization/book/partner. asp? id=31compID=67 Selim; Muharrem; Hakan; Mahir; Gulec; Adnan; Fatma; Ceren and Ozlem et al. Assurance of the perspectives of Turkish fruitless ladies towards surrogacy and oocyte gift. Proficient Medical Publication, Karachi 2009

HRM Strategies Description

Presentation Human assets directors are constantly experiencing elevating difficulties in overseeing individuals while filling in as HR professionals in worldwide or transnational organizations in the wake of globalisation.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on HRM Strategies Description explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Srivastava and Agarwal (2012) affirm that HR â€Å"managers are confronting numerous adjustments in the current business situation like globalization workforce assorted variety, innovative advances, and changes in political and lawful conditions combined with the need to grasp data technology† (p.46). These difficulties apply huge weight on the HR elements of looking for powerful techniques of enrollment, preparing, creating, and holding the most skilled faculty inside a worldwide association portrayed by huge workforce assorted varieties. This paper investigates two principle challenges experienced by HR directors working in global or multi-transnational organizations. These difficulties are related with globalization combined with difficulties and chances of correspondence and data innovation influencing HR capacities. Difficulties of HR in of the period of globalization Overview From political and monetary points of view, globalization alludes to the business sectors, lawful, and political denationalization. It prompts the combination of money related frameworks combined with exchange markets. Globalization opens HR to different difficulties including the foundation of new laws influencing HR capacities, varying hard working attitudes, mentalities, correspondence challenges because of language obstructions, rivalry, and contrasting administrative styles in the journey to have individuals work viably in an offer to achieve the objectives of a transnational or worldwide association. In the light of this acknowledgment, Srivastava and Agarwal (2012) declare, â€Å"HR administrators have a test in manag ing more capacities, progressively heterogeneous capacities, and greater inclusion in the employees’ individual life† (p.46).Advertising Looking for paper on business financial matters? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Among the various difficulties experienced by HR, while working in globalizing transnational or worldwide association, is coordinating individuals from various social foundations, which presents the administration challenge in worldwide organisations’ HR capacities. Globalization and the board of workforce assorted varieties As associations globalize, the HR office enrolls, prepares, and tries to hold individuals from differing social and moral foundations. Powerful administration of individuals from assorted social foundations calls for HR directors to invest additional energy and search for procedures of relieving social clashes inside a worldwide association. Dessler (2004) contends,  "The significance of decent variety the executives has been imparted by scholastics and experts the same, refering to the numerous advantages of having a heterogeneous association instead of a homogeneous organisation† (p.43). A homogenous association is a non-enhanced association while a heterogeneous is broadened association, which implies that it utilizes individuals of fluctuating foundations as far as race, age, physical capacities, and topographical districts among different elements. Gathering from this contention, a globalized or transnational association is a free association. Globalization represents a huge test the HR, which is the test of powerful administration of assorted employees.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on HRM Strategies Description explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Scholars note that a decent administration of workforce assorted variety ought to be able to improve workforce profitability, improve workforce comm itment, and encourage decrease of staff non-attendance combined with a diminishing of workforce turn over (Dessler 2004). For example, at Google Company, workforce decent variety the board is basic in the undertaking to expand the capacity to address the different needs of increasingly assorted Google client base. Especially, Google gains from the legitimate perspectives of its differing workforce for such a workforce furnishes expanded critical thinking limits combined with upgraded innovativeness levels, something that is basic for the accomplishment of the association later on for the obscure changing business condition. This perspective epitomizes the expanding difficulties of HR to send decent variety as a wellspring of upper hand rather than a reason for hierarchical disappointment because of assorted variety clashes. A developing assemblage of writing uncovers that an immediate relationship exists among representatives, participation, work execution, commitment, and view of b eing significant assets of an association. As indicated by Pope, â€Å"if the executives and colleagues neglect to esteem ladies and minorities, organization profitability will probably endure as a consequence† (2004, p.63). This statement deduces that fumble of workforce decent variety means influencing an organisation’s costs. In this specific situation, associations that don't bolster decent variety existing in their work environments are probably going to dive into costly claims and out of court settlement cases, which are contributed principally by poor administration of different ability pools.Advertising Searching for article on business financial matters? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Furthermore, globalized associations are vulnerable to costs connected to substitution of workers (Jayne Dipboye 2004). In a circumstance where an association is established of individuals of changing ethnicities combined with higher extents of ladies contrasted with the general business normal, an inquisitive emerges looking for HR crowd on how the compromise of contrasts among representatives can be accomplished without shortening into undue grinding during everyday communications of the workers. In this unique situation, overseeing workforce decent variety turns into a critical undertaking. Something else, the presentation of an association turns out to be contrarily hindered, and thus its efficiency and benefit. Improvement of conceivable information by today’s the board experts is in fact pivotal since huge numbers of the issues experienced in the workplace provoking prejudice for the distinctions describing varying specialists must be settled by utilization of shrewd met hodologies of workforce assorted variety the executives. Pless and Maak (2004) contend that a large number of the issues that cause grating in an association are for the most part ascribed to points of view of minority and larger part workforce contrasts (p.129). This rubbing normally is progressively articulated in associations with most of the workforce originating from an aggregate ethnic gathering or race. Where minority bunches generally see themselves as being mistreated or victimized, it is obvious that they would consider making strides that are unfortunate to the exhibition of an association. This viewpoint is maybe generally plausible since globalization has encouraged free and fast progression of data on attention to the minority rights combined with the presence of stricter hierarchical codes of behaviors and guidelines transcendently figured to oversee practices inside working environments. In this specific situation, having workforce-decent variety the board informatio n is basic for the reasons for permitting HR supervisors to accomplish their employments commands. This attestation is maybe progressively reasonable particularly by thought of Pope (2004) contention that it â€Å"is in light of a legitimate concern for the administration of any firm to sharpen its workforce towards race and sexual orientation issues and guarantee that the work environment is liberated from victimization minority bunches just as women† (p.64). From this measurement, overseeing workforce decent variety has a main commitment in supporting individuals working inside a globalizing organization to associate trying to facilitate the organisation’s objectives, make positive changes inside the corporate network without nullifying advancement, and fortifying worldwide associations business organizations. Rundown Globalization expands the difficulties of HR work inside an association by making increasingly complex workforce much the same as expanded workforce de cent variety attributes. Kersten (2000) noticed that overseeing differing representatives in a worldwide or transnational association â€Å"begin with alluring social and political goals† (p.236). Drawing from this contention, obviously HR the executives has a proactive task to carry out in guaranteeing that workforce decent variety is suitably figured out how to keep away from irreconcilable circumstances among the minority and lion's share gatherings of laborers. Furthermore, HR chiefs can't direct this honorable assignment in the event that they are not completely cognisant of the significance and significance of dealing with the workforce assorted varieties fittingly in globalizing associations. Difficulties and open doors for correspondence and data innovation on HR Overview Advancement data and innovation acquaints difficulties in associations related with adjustment of work to meet changes in the advances used to make items and administrations to forestall out of date quality of an association. As per Mishra, and Akman (2010), â€Å"advanced innovation has would in general lessen the quantity of employments that require little abilities and to expand the quantity of occupations that require extensive aptitudes, a move called moving from contact work to information works† (p.243). The most noteworthy test of HR is to look for a system for guaranteeing that their globalizing associations can exploit data and innovation to upgrade the advancement of their employees’ expertise levels and profitability. Openings and difficulties of data and correspondence innovation (CT) for HR ICT presents a few open doors for association

Resoure Planning HU Example

Resoure Planning HU Example Resoure Planning HU â€" Assignment Example > The essence of any business is to provide the most efficient services to its clients through their most appropriate technology and business policies. Technology is of great importance when dealing with clients, as well as production means. Each of these important aspects requires that a company understands its preferences and to what lengths the business is willing to go to meet its goals. The company is required to manage its computer resources and its storage of important business data. The benefits of adopting a new system for Bazaar Ceramics are numerous though there are also some risks that may be incurred. But given the increasing benefits that a company benefits from, adopting this new technology will be essential. The company will benefit from faster deployment of new business capabilities, lower-risk business innovation, global scale outreach, more intelligent IT spending and easier automation of IT services and information from the relevant sites. Some of the risks to be incurred include outsourcing to an external provider which gives the flexibility but does not eliminate the risks incurred; storage of data outside the company may be of great concern and the probability of vendor lock-in due to the different services provided by each vendor. With such details, the company can make better decisions on how to develop the technical ability of the company. The main aim of this report is to explore the benefits of adopting a different strategy on the technological front. Technology is very essential in the current business world with each company seeking to address its issues from a technological point of view. Each company looks for ways of saving more while using the least cost to maximally achieve the greatest results on the same. Technology has made business faster with the internet revolutionizing the way business is being done. Interactions within and without have become easier, faster and more secure with each party expressly meeting their dem ands with such minimal supervision but with constant communication being core. Thus, speed, cupped with technology adds flexibility and responsiveness to interactions. It also allows for far-reaching collaboration with different applications connecting larger business networks. This allows for the blending of talents and abilities which makes innovation quite an important aspect of the company. Adopting the proposed system will be important in realizing these goals and the report herein will look at all these important attributes that make up this important technological drive. Therefore, the benefits herein will ensure that the reasons behind such a proposal will be adequately addressed with each point being explored further to ensure all risks and benefits are addressed before a conclusive decision can be made regarding the same. Each decision has to be viewed in relation to the business core policies, goals and objectives with the best decision made in favor of these rather than individual interests. The benefits are immense. First and foremost is the idea of reduced IT costs. The development of IT in the world has changed the pace and face of businesses in the world. This company has also not been left behind in this. The continued application of IT in almost all the departments proves this. These benefits have led to the concentration of most of the company’s resources and revenue into ensuring that the company has adequate IT personnel, equipment and up-to-date system software. With the increase in web-enabled devices, the issue of data access will be made easier. This can be applied in the company too. The need to reduce costs in every possible manner is every company’s drive. The costs of IT need to be maintained as low yet efficient as possible to ensure the business does not come to a standstill. With a new system, the costs of system upgrades, new hardware and software and expertise consultations will be drastically reduced since these will b e included in the contract with the service provider chosen. The company will no longer be in need of the expert staff hence reduction in wages spent on such.

Choosing Political Science Term Paper Topic

Choosing Political Science Term Paper Topic Are you in trouble choosing a good topic for your term paper? Here we present several tips to help with this task. If you experience problems with choosing an effective topic for your political science term paper, you are not alone. It is clear that to write a good term paper, you need to find a good topic to write about. One of the biggest term paper writing mistakes is not paying enough attention and time to think over its title. Anyway, dont be worried too much. This part of academic writing gets easier with more practice. We collected for you several tips to help with choosing topic for your political science term paper. An effective topic for your term paper needs to satisfy the following requirements: First of all, the topic should be appropriate for your assignment. For instance, it is not a good choice for a political science term paper to take a topic, related more to history or economics, than to the political science. Second, your topic should be easy to research. Try to choose subject you are enough informed about so as to write comfortably. Third, the topic should not be too broad or too narrow. If you choose the first, it will be difficult for you to cover it in deep detailed way within the page limit. And conversely, you will face problems with writing the necessary number of pages to cover too narrow topic. Fourth, choose the topic that is important and interesting for you. Term paper expects a lot of work, including research, so if you are not interested in the chosen topic, you will get bored and it is unlikely that you will produce an effective project. The last key point for choosing great topic for your paper – be creative! Creativity and fresh approach surely will be appreciated by your supervisor.

Miles Davis as the Influence of Jazz Essay - 1777 Words

Question 11 Miles Davis was one of the greatest and most important figures in jazz history. Miles Dewey Davis III was a musician, composer, arranger, producer and bandleader all in one. Davis was at the forefront of almost every major development in jazz after World War 2. He was one of the most influential and innovative musicians of the twentieth century along with Charlie Parker and Louis Armstrong. His versatility landed him at the forefront of bebop, cool jazz, modal, hard bop and fusion (Kirker, 2005:1). His sound went on to influence many other newer forms of music today such as pop, soul, Ramp;B, funk and rap. As one of the last trumpet players, Davis employed a lyrical, melodic style that was known for its minimalism as well†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Walkin†, was a swaggering blues piece informed by the extended harmonies of bebop was a shift from cool jazz and announced the arrival of hard bop (Sales, 1992:171). Hard bop was the evolvement and development from bop du ring the 1950s and 1960s, often regarded as a reaction to the restraint and intellectualism of cool jazz (Kingman, 1990:389). With the installation of the Miles Davis Quintet, Davis picked up where his late forties sessions left off. Eschewing the rhythmic and harmonic complexity of the prevalent bebop, Davis was given space to play long, legato and essentially melodic lines, where he would begin to explore modal music, his lifelong obsession. Modal jazz is a new venture for jazz both harmonically and structurally, it no longer used the chord progressions of standard tunes as the basis for improvisation replaced by a succession of scales on which the performer improvised instead (Kingman, 1990:390). Davis had definitely gone a long way in his trumpet playing since collaborating with Parker. No longer dependant on bebop phrasing, he chose a minimalist approach instead. Ornate phrasing gave way to a smattering of tones. He was also utilizing a Harmon mute, sometimes adding reverb, which had a whisper effect and personalised his sound. Elements of texture and silence between notes were becoming more dominant ( Kirker, 2005:2). By 1958, he had freed himself by using modal scales and slower moving harmonies. â€Å"Milestones† portrayed this example asShow MoreRelatedMiles Davis Essay1141 Words   |  5 PagesJon Davis Perspectives in American Jazz Ben Martinson December 10, 2009 Miles Davis: The Last Pioneer in American Jazz Miles Davis represents the pinnacle of modern American Jazz. He was one of the foremost pioneers in the inventions of cool jazz, hard bop, free jazz, fusion and techno. He was, arguably one of the most influential figures in music, pushing the boundaries of what was commonly known as jazz into new directions that most people thought was impossible. Davis was bornRead MoreMusic And Its Influence On Music1590 Words   |  7 Pagesin music by tinkering with old methods are how new musical ideas are discovered. In the past, Miles Davis’ explorations into jazz fusion and modal jazz music pushed the envelope. Now, Kanye West’s explorations through samples, orchestration and rhythms shape the direction of music. For both Miles Davis and Kanye West, the fields of music (Jazz and Hip-Hop) in which they have had most of their influence are considered to be predominantly dominated with black artists. Furthermore, it is in ParisRead MoreMiles Davis And The Jazz Music931 Words   |  4 Pagesartists around the world and Miles Davis is considered one of the finest in the jazz genre. As one of the greatest jazz musicians ever, he instrumental in developing new forms of music such as jazz fusion. 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The trumpet has survived them all. It is probably the most popular instrument of all time. With talented musicians like Louis Armstrong and Miles Davis, the trumpet has been able to endure. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the careers of Armstrong and Davis, and how the trumpet became their way into Jazz. Louis Armstrong was born on August 4th 1901 in New Orleans, Louisiana. Louis had a hard and painful childhood. In 1922 at the age of 21 Louis moves to ChicagoRead MoreIts All About Jazz Fusion807 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"It’s All About Jazz Fusion† Of the jazz styles studied in this module, I prefer jazz-rock-fusion. I enjoy listening to this style of jazz because it creates a rock mood by its different melodies, complex rhythms, tones and harmonies. Jazz –fusion, â€Å"melds rock rhythms and the use of electronic instruments with collective improvisation† (Ferris). Jazz music in general is mostly improvised music, so its melody is an interesting element to its listeners. 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Instead of relying on a written score, the musician improvises. For each specific period or style through which jazz has gone through over the past seventy years, there is almost always a single personRead MoreEthno 50B Essay #11347 Words   |  6 PagesSmall Changes Make Big Differences A living jazz legend once exclaimed â€Å"jazz has borrowed from other genres of music and also has lent itself to other genres of music.† Herbie Hancock makes it clear that jazz has been an evolving form of art. And just as simple as the notion that music can change the world, music changes in itself. Jazz once evolved into something we call swing. Back in the roaring twenties people got up and danced to this kind of music. However, these simple and playful melodiesRead MoreLouis Armstrong And Jazz Age1128 Words   |  5 PagesThe 1920s was known as the Jazz Age, Francis Scott Fitzgerald said â€Å"it was an age of miracles, it was an age of art, it was an age of excess, and it was an age of satire. Music also plays a big role in The Great Gatsby. One singer that was popular in the 1920s was Louis Armstrong he was known as the King of Jazz. Louis Armstrong was born on August 4, 1901 in New Orleans, Louisiana. Armstrong was born and raised in New Orleans he was the son of a prostitute and an absent father. Louis Armstrong

Why We Should Legalize Marijuana Free Essays

We should legalize marijuana because it would be a great tax source for the government, it would help out farmers, it would create many jobs, it would eliminate a good majority of the jail population, it would lessen the amount of tension that we see around us, and it is a safe drug. Although there are many good reasons that we should legalize marijuana, there are also some good reasons that we should not legalize it. These include it would increase the amount of lazy people, it might be hard to tax and control it, and it would increase the availability of marijuana to underage people. We will write a custom essay sample on Why We Should Legalize Marijuana or any similar topic only for you Order Now Herb is the healing of a nation, alcohol is the destruction. † 1 This quote comes from internationally acclaimed Jamaican singer, songwriter, and musician Bob Marley. In this quote he is trying to tell us that herb (aka marijuana) is not a bad thing, but instead it is a good thing. It is recognized as a healing herb because of its many calming effects. Marijuana has what are called psychoactive chemicals, the main one being ‘tetrahydrocannabinol’ or THC for short. This is what causes the calming or healing effect of marijuana. Some of the medical uses for marijuana include cure or prevention of Glaucoma a serious eye disease, used by Aids and Terminal Patients to ease nausea and delirium, a natural Sedative and sleep aid if you use the Sativa instead of Indica, a natural nontoxic tranquilizer depending on dosage, and strain, and lastly it improves creativity in some for writing, speaking, drawing, painting, song writing, poetry, and has been used by very many college students to make typically boring subjects and professors interesting. Enables many students who have problems studying the ability to retain information and make it more interesting. Another reason that marijuana should be legalized is because it would vastly increase the amount of money that our government would have available. Our government spends around $7. 7 billion per year on the â€Å"war against marijuana†. If it were to be legalized then our government would make around $6. 2 billion per year, just from taxes. Even the poor would be able to afford marijuana as prices would drop considerably if it were to be legalized. It is estimated that inmates incarcerated on marijuana related offences costs our prison system about $1 billion annually. Legalizing marijuana would also relieve some of the taxes that taxpayers have to pay. Marijuana Prohibition Costs Taxpayers $41. 8 Billion A Year, according to a report from Forbes. It would also help the farmers that farm it. In California, marijuana is its most valuable crop. It brings in roughly $14 billion per year. California’s zip tie program aimed at regulating medical marijuana growing by charging permits for each plant raised $600,000 in revenue in for the Sheriff’s department in 2011. Legalizing marijuana would not just help the farming business. The city of Oakland, California raised $1. 3 million in tax revenue from medical marijuana dispensaries in 2011, 3 percent of the city’s total business tax revenue. The Sacramento News and Review saw a big boost in ad revenue when it offered advertising space for more than 60 medical marijuana dispensaries, enabling the publication to hire three additional employees. Illegal marijuana is estimated to be a $36 billion a year industry, which could increase to a $100 billion a year industry if it were to be made legal. One of the main reasons that marijuana is illegal is because of the safety concerns of it. Some people consider marijuana to be what is called a â€Å"gateway† drug. A gateway drug is a drug that once taken, leads to the user taking harder drugs such as crack, meth, and heroin. Although there is neither evidence to prove or disprove this theory, the so called â€Å"gateway† effect has only been observed in a small quantity of marijuana users. The high from marijuana might make some people lazy, but it exponentially increases their creative capability. Marijuana is also said to be very harmful to the children of pregnant women. Studies show prenatal exposure to marijuana can cause impaired neurological development in the unborn child. Because marijuana causes Distorted perception (sights, sounds, time, touch), problems with memory and learning, loss of coordination, trouble with thinking, and problem-solving it is harmful to drive after consuming it. Within a few minutes after smoking marijuana, the heart begins beating more rapidly and the blood pressure drops. Marijuana can cause the heart beat to increase by 20 to 50 beats per minute, and can increase even more if other drugs are used at the same time. Because of the lower blood pressure and higher heart rate, researchers found that users’ risk for a heart attack is four times higher within the first hour after smoking marijuana, compared to their general risk of heart attack when not smoking. It is also said that marijuana has a negative effect on your brain cells. But, a Harvard study showed that the negative effects of marijuana on your brain cells was nill. How to cite Why We Should Legalize Marijuana, Essay examples

Strategies for Marketing to Rural Customer - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Strategies for Marketing to Rural Customer. Answer: Introduction Nokia Company is one of the worlds manufacturers of mobile devices with over a million customers in various parts of the world. The company, which was founded in the year 1865, has around 160 nationalities who are operating in more than 100 nations (Nokia, 2017). Its headquarters are currently in Espoo, Uusimaa Finland. As a telecommunications business enterprise, the business has been able to nurture its success from different sectors such as mobile devices, rubber boats and tires, cables, and infrastructure equipment for telecommunications. Over these years the company has contributed to serve different communication provides, enterprises, governments as well as consumers with its end to end range of products and services (Nokia, 2017). Most operations of this business are centered on the ideology of transforming the human experiences by shaping the future of communication technology. Through these diverse products, the company has been able to occupy larger bargaining capacity as well as abroad exposures to the customer base. Corporate Mission of Nokia Nokia has created a technology to connect the world. The corporate mission statement of Nokia is connecting people (Nokia, 2017). Nokia is trying to connect people designing new experiences to fulfill the demands of the customers. Nokia is committed to preserve the data as well as maintain integrity. The company is trying to keep the data cost low and connect the people through social media. Nokia is committed to preserve the data as well as maintain integrity. The company is innovating by a global nervous system, a web of interconnected intelligence that adapts and senses to the world. The main pursuit of the company is performance along with sustainability and integrity. Sources of competitive advantage To gain the competitive advantages and gain the benefits of economies of scale, core competencies and resources are important. The core competencies are the attributes that provide competitive benefits to Nokia. The company has several competencies but due to recent growth and success, the firm needs to monitor on the right and appropriate core competencies to beat the competitors in the world. The core competencies and resources include organizational culture, and research and development. The organizational culture is the effective tool to attract more customers in the international market. The value chain is also other source to run the business activities successful. The optimum utilization of resources can be done by maintaining core competencies within the organization. Along with this, innovative technologies are used by the firm to overcome the competitors (Kavitha Krishna, 2017). Marketing micro-environment and its influence The microenvironment refers to the internal environment of the company which can influence the business activities adversely. The microenvironment can be controlled and managed by the firm. The internal environmental factors include customers, suppliers, thegeneral public, distribution channels and competitors etc. These factors influence the performance and efficiency of Nokia. They can also affect the long-term success and growth of the firm. There is a close relationship between microenvironment and organization (Yam, 2016). These factors also help to build and develop reciprocal relationship with customers in the international market. The micro environment consists of the following. Suppliers: An important factor which affects the goals and objectives of the firm. Suppliers provide resources and products to the company. They also affect the strategy and policy of the firm. Market intermediaries: The intermediaries also affect the targets and growth of the firm. The marketing intermediaries include retailers, financial intermediaries, whole sellers and agencies. Customers: They are people who buy the products and services of the company. The customers influence the mission and vision of the company. Competitors:Rivals are the companies that manufacture the same products and services in the global market. Nokia should keep an eye on the strategies and policies of the competitors. Public: The public also influences the success and growth of the firm. Therefore, the company needs to focus on the internal environment in order to meet the long term targets and goals. Marketing macro-environment and its influence Macro environment affects the profit and revenue of Nokia. Therefore, the company needs to analyze and evaluate the macro environment. It is also known as an external environment which encompasses the following factors such as political, economic, socio-cultural, technological, legal and environmental factors (Grhan-Canli, HayranSarial-Abi, 2016). These factors influence the operation and trading activities of the firm negatively. The two major categories of the external environment have been discussed below. Political factors: These factors include rules and regulations related to the import, export, and production. The company needs to focus on the political factors to fulfill the needs and requirements of the customers in the global market. Economic factors: The economic factors include interest rates, demand, taxes, exchange rates and buying the power of the customers. All these factors affect the growth and success of Nokia. The firm needs to focus on these factors to hit the competitors in the international market (Nachbaur, 2016). Gap or opportunity identification SWOT analysis is an effective and dynamic tool to evaluate and identify the strengths and weaknesses of the competitors in the market. The firm must analyze and identify the risks and challenges of the market to achieve the mission and vision of the firm (Bohlin Inha, 2017). The SWOT analysis stands for strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats which have been discussed below. Strengths Weaknesses Brand name is the biggest strength of Nokia. The products are available in the market in all the prices ranges. Nokia products are very easy to use. The mobile products are provided by the company have a much higher resale value compared to the other companies. After sale services are very poor. Poor designed smart phones. Some of the Nokia products are not for middle class and low class groups. Opportunities Threats The company can expand and grow its market globally. The demand of the Nokia smart phones are increasing. High competition exists in the global market. Iphones popularity and Samsung and other competitors affect the sale of the company. Summary of proposed strategies Nokia is trying to capitalize its position as a market leader in mobile devices and build up the position in the new market. Nokia wants to become the leading player in the global mobile communication market. Nokia has built its wireless communication infrastructure in lower penetration market. The company has developed various mobile multimedia devices, solutions and applications with the other collaborators and the customers who are trying to compel the multimedia experiences to the consumers. Nokia is trying to capture the profitable segments of the market by offering the services and products designed to help the companies. The company wants to capitalize on the needs of mobile connectivity and mobility in their operations (Aggrawal et al., 2016). Nokia also wants collaboration with the systems and the technology in integration companies. Segmentation approach is effective in strategic planning and it helps to utilize the resources. Nokia is one of the leading company which is pr acticising multisegment targeting. Nokia has segmented the market through geographic, demographic and psychographic segmentation (Muller Bevan-Dye, 2017). The company must closely monitor the country before expanding its business in any particular country. The perception of the customers, values and religion must be taken into consideration before entering into the global market (Aggrawal et al., 2016). The target market segment of Nokia consists of that customer group who focuses on the different marketing efforts. Nokia has targeted the market for two reasons i.e. to gain profit and to aim those consumers who are not technological savvy. Nokia positions itself as a market leader in providing various facilities in a single handset at an affordable price compared to its competitors. The marketing mix of Nokia comprises of the 4p approach. The company uses price-skimming strategy and it also offers cash allowances. Nokia must also try to build up more warranty and service centers to satisfy and fulfill the needs of the customers (Kavitha Krishna, 2017). The company manufactures a wide range of headsets to fulfill the needs of diverse and wide targeted segments. Nokia along with their competitor is able to charge higher prices for its products because of the benefits and brand image which are received by the customers. The brand image of Nokia acts as a self promoting tool and the company is trying to establish themselves in the market to add value to the products. Segmentation / target market strategy and justification Market segmentation is the process of separating the market into identifiable or similar segments. It also helps the marketers to differentiate between the marketing mix that well be more attractive for the particular segment of the people. Nokia is using the regional approach to attract the local population and to gather trust and respect. Nokia has also opened the flagship stores in Asian and middle eastern countries to attract the customers with the latest innovations and to provide quality support services. Nokia has appealed to the customers of all ages and income categories, different religion, occupation and family cycles (Kavitha Krishna,2017). Moreover, Nokia has also targeted the women segment and majority of its mobile series has pink or golden colour. Nokia Roxo was designed for the women counterpart and the young teenage girls. The logo of Nokia Roxo was Treat her like a lady which highlighted that woman must prefer to use this phone rather than purchasing unisex mobile s. Moreover, Nokia also includes the tastes of the corporate and the working class people. The company has launched different models of the mobile devices to attract the customers with different lifestyles. The customers of Nokia have strong loyalty for the products of the company because they find the best quality of the product in accordance with the price paid for it. Nokia also kept its targeted market excited with the new range of products and services. The ability of the company to meet the expectations of the customers is regarded as the major goal of the company (Santoki Thomas, 2017) The target market of Nokia is the people of the age group between 16-60 years. Nokia has targeted the Indian market. The company is also trying to expand its sales in the rural market of India. Nokia is trying to work with the various content and service providers who can deliver information on agriculture weather and price for the people of the rural areas. It has been found that the large Indian mobile market service providers are targeting the rural areas by manufacturing low cost handsets (Santoki Thomas, 2017). Nokia has targeted three types of consumer segments such as premium, middle class and the common mass. The mobile handsets that are manufactured by Nokia are of low cost or cutting edge technology. Moreover, the products of Nokia are adopted according to the particular market situation. Nokia has also used two distinct type of branding strategy. This is because the consumers in the target market consists of two types of customers such as economy seeker and upscale buyers . The upscale buyer has built the brand with the high-end multimedia handsets. On the other hand, the economy seeker in the upcoming market has focused on branding strategy and it focuses on economical handsets (Hacklin, Bjrkdahl Wallin, 2017). Intended positioning (value proposition) and justification Value proposition helps in describing the products and services that are regarded as the best option for the customers. People will not be willing to purchase the product if the company does not have a strong value proposition. Nokia is losing its customer base in comparison with its customers and thus this has played an important role in capturing the share in the market. Although the company is one of the major leader in the market share, but it is losing its customers in the market every year (Santoki Thomas, 2017). The top global competitors of Nokia are Samsung, Motorola, white Box and Google. The major factor that has made a tough competition between Nokia and its competitors are the low pricing of the products,, production of a wide range of products , better and improved marketing strategies, continuous innovation of better technology and the various applications in the mobile industry. This has helped to satisfy the demands of the customers globally. The financial position of the company is much better than its competitors. It has more than one-third control in the market share over its competitors. It has been found that the company has more than 63% share in the global market (Aversa, Haefliger Reza, 2017). Nokia has made improvements in the applications and the games section of their mobile handsets. Nokia Corporation is committed for the provisions of different products. The products of Nokia are preferred by the general mass compared to the products of other brands. Nokia has also made further improvements in the innovation of solutions and devices for imaging. The company has also provided different solutions on the other network providers (Aversa, Haefliger Reza, 2017). Nokia also uses symbian technology in the mobiles and this is related to the working of the computer because of its high level of multi-tasking features. The company also takes advantages of the touch screen technologies while manufacturing different models. Nokia has also made advancement in its technologies by signing partnership deals with the other IT companies such as Yahoo. Nokia has also planned to increase the storage space in the mobile phones so as to fulfill the requirements of the customers who requires high mobile space in their mobiles. It has been found that Nokia is slow in meeting or upgrading to different technological changes compared to the other brands. It has also improved in its business environment by signing deals with various companies to deliver better and improved service for the mobile users. The company must change its technology and make further improvements to improve its market share (Wang, Hedman Tuunainen, 2016). the diagram shown below depicts the positioning map of Nokia Proposed marketing mix strategies Product Nokia has launched a huge number of setsin acost effective price. It has also gathered brand personality and the market share has improved to 35% because of its quality andlong lasting products. There are various designs of the set and it is available at a much affordable price compared to its competitors. Moreover, each set has own features of its own. Nokia has launched the first phone withantenna, first in-built camera, changeable faceplateand chat functions. Moreover, product segmentation also plays an important in the mobile market to reach all the consumers (Santoki Thomas, 2017). The mobile phones of Nokia are divided into three categories such as multimedia line, business line and connectline.Business line refers to those mobile phones that possess priority functions and various applications of time management. On the other hand,multimedia line is targeted for the youth that enables them to watch videos, listen to music and connect to various features such as large capacity hardware and navigation. The users ofconnect line category do not have disposable income and they are not willing to pay higher prices for the products. The devices are equipped with special technological features and they look standard and stylish compared to its competitors mobile. Research has identified thatthe consumers must make their decisions in accordance withthe own brand and preference. Moreover, the consumers also view the brand as an important part of the product and thus this helps to add value to the particular brand. Nokia must also extend the warranty of the product (Naidu, 2017). Price Nokia must understand the demand of the consumers for various portable multifunction devices. Nokia sets the price of the product by comparing with its competitors. The company has mobile sets of all variations i.e. from higher to lower price group and it depends on the customers needs and position in the market. The factors that affect the price of Nokia phones are the cost of products, competition and customer demand (Dhakar, Tripathi Rathore, 2017). The company sells the products at a much higher price in order to gain profit. This helps to reimburse the cost of research and development and the cost of development. The company reduces the price of the product at the beginning in accordance with the price of its competitors. Nokia is also trying to gain competitive advantage in the market The company has specialized in offering cash allowances to their valuable customers. Nokia uses price skimming strategy and ensures that the customers purchase the product throughout the entire p eriod after it has been launched in the market. Nokia sets the price initially higher and later with the passage of time, they reduce the price of the product.The company must use the brand cycle method to set the price of its product. This model sets different price of the product based on the life cycle of the product. Nokia sets the price after conducting market research on the consumers and there advancement in technology (Dhakar, Tripathi Rathore, 2017). Place Nokia must contact directly the consumers directly and the company must use more distribution channel to reach out to the customers and sell their devices. People can purchase the Nokia handsets from all over the country. The distribution strategy has focused on the urban population. Moreover, in order to become competitive in the market, the company has reformulated the distribution strategy focusing on the rural areas which were stated by the local competitors earlier. The company has chosen its local business agent based on the 5C principle. This will help the company to decide whom it will choose for credibility, channel, capital and management. It is important to pay more attention to the marketing network and this will help to invest in the intensive marketing strategies (Dhakar, Tripathi Rathore, 2017). Nokia has also chosen a new channel pattern known as FD that had the ability to change or transfer the provincial agent into different types of fund platform. This has also he lped in saving intermediate links. This has helped Nokia to gain monopoly and thus acquire the ability of direct supply. Promotion Promotion is necessary to increase the sales and publicity. The company has printed advertisements for the promotion of products. The company has emphasized on the famous slogan connecting people to build relationships, collaborate and communicate. This will also attract the customers and the company will invite famous spokesperson or actors for the promotion of its product. The operators and the retailers will carry out the sales promotion for improving the sale of the mobile phones. Sometimes, the company also does joint promotions with the credit card companies and the bank. The mobile phone operators also offer campaign for the phone lines and the mobile phones for promotions. On the other hand, public relations play a vital role the promotion strategy of Nokia. The company has supported some social programs such as charities and sponsorship programs. Social media is regarded as the fastest and the easiest cost effective way of publishing the news for the global audience. Nokia must use Facebook fun page and YouTube videos to deliver the message to the audience. The company has also undertaken a wide number of promotional activities to sell its products. The company has also sponsored in many cultural activities such as in sports events and sports team for the promotion of its products (Aggrawal et al., 2016). Conclusion Therefore, it can be concluded that the most objective of the company to become the leader in the mobile industry. The marketing strategies undertaken by the company will help to create awareness among the customers and the products offered by the company. The tagline of Nokia connecting people highlights that the product has the same preference and it helps to connect people. Nokia operates worldwide and it provides wired network infrastructure and wireless communication between the people. The micro and the macro environmental factors played an important role in the marketing strategy adopted by the company. Nokia must concentrate on the core competencies and hence try to capture the market. The company has also identified the different categories of buyers who prefer to purchase the handsets of Nokia by examining their psychographic, demographic and behavioral difference. It can be concluded that the brand name of Nokia was sufficient to increase the sales, advertising strategies and the marketing process. Nokia must try to overcome its weakness and try to grab the opportunities. This will help the company to dominate its competitors. The company must focus on the competitive advantage of its rivals rather than focusing on advertising. Thus, it can be said that the company is trying to secure its position and becoming a market leader in the smart phone industry. References Aggrawal, D., Bansal, G., Anand, A., Papic, L. (2016). Types of Customers surrounding a brand: A classification based on correspondence analysis.Communications in Dependability and Quality Management-An International Journal, Serbia,19(1), 5-17. Aversa, P., Haefliger, S., Reza, D. G. (2017). Building a Winning Business Model Portfolio.MIT Sloan Management Review,58(4), 49. Bohlin, S., Inha, E. (2017). Book review: Tools and concepts for strategic decision making on Market Intelligence. Dhakar, G., Tripathi, S. Rathore, N.S.(2017) Redefining Marketing Mix for Digital Marketing.Pacific University Journal of Social Sciences, p.26. Grhan-Canli, Z., Hayran, C., Sarial-Abi, G. (2016). Customer-based brand equity in a technologically fast-paced, connected, and constrained environment.AMS review,6(1-2), 23-32. Hacklin, F., Bjrkdahl, J., Wallin, M. W. (2017). Strategies for business model innovation: How firms reel in migrating value.Long Range Planning. Kavitha, T. C., Krishna, B. S. V. S. R. (2017) 4AS MARKETING APPROACH BY FMCGS TO TAP INDIAN RURAL MARKETA REVIEW. Muller, R. A., Bevan-Dye, A. L. (2017). Reliable Nokia-Brand Personality Perceptions of the Finnish Communication Giant. InCountry Experiences in Economic Development, Management and Entrepreneurship: Proceedings of the 17th Eurasia Business and Economics Society Conference(pp. 785-796). Springer International Publishing. Nachbaur, A. (2016). Nokia Strategic Analysis. Evaluation of the decision to return to the mobile telephone market. Naidu, A. (2017). Strategies for Marketing to the Rural Customer in India: The 4 As Model of Rural Marketing.Journal of Rural and Industrial Development Volume,5(1). Nokia. (2017).Our history | Nokia. [online] Available at: https://www.nokia.com/en_int/about-us/who-we-are/our-history [Accessed 12 Nov. 2017]. Santoki, M.A.A. Thomas, M.R.(2017). Service Innovation in selected Firms with reference to Indian Telecommunication Industry for Sustainability. Wang, J., Hedman, J., Tuunainen, V. K. (2016). Path creation, path dependence and breaking away from the path: re-examining the case of Nokia.Journal of theoretical and applied electronic commerce research,11(2), 16-27. Yam, Y. (2016). The influence of macro and micro-environmental factors on the consumption of mobile phones and marketing strategies.

Need WordPress Training Videos Here Are 8 of the Best Places to Get Them in 2019

High-quality WordPress tutorials are released into the world all the time. However, not all WordPress training videos are good.To help you find the ones that are, we decided to weed through the good, the bad, and the ugly to bring you our 8 favorite WordPress training videos (and courses) currently out there.These training videos will help you create an awesome WordPress blog  in a matter of minutes. Cost for Themeisle   Free!Best forBeginners looking for equally beginner-friendly tutorials.Find Themeisles YouTube Videos here.This is our own channel where we share tutorials, reviews, and roundups to help beginners get more from WordPress.2. WPCrafter.com WordPress For Non-TechiesCost for WPCrafter   Free!Best forPeople who want detailed tutorials on how to build complete WordPress sites, though Adam covers other topics, too.Find WPCrafter’s YouTube Videos here.WPCrafter is a YouTube channel and website from Adam Preiser. On his channel, Adam shares detailed tutorials on many aspects of WordPress, with a focus on how to build complete WordPress sites using page builders and other tools.The tutorials can get quite lengthy and in-depth. For example, one of Adams most popular videos is a  4.5-hour marathon on how to create an eCommerce store with WordPress.3. JavaScript for WordPress by Zac GordonCost for JavaScript for WordPress Some free content. Can purchase all premium courses for $397 per year.Best forWordPress developers who are looking to learn JavaScript deeply.Find Zac Gordon’s YouTube channel here. View courses here.JavaScript for WordPress  was created by Zac Gordon with one goal in mind: to help people learn JavaScript deeply.While anyone could take Zac’s courses (and watch his in-depth training videos), it was mainly built for website developers who don’t quite know JavaScript.Zac is trusted by developers at leading WordPress agencies and it’s safe to say that you’ll get your money’s worth lea rning from him!4. WebTegrity by Kori AshtonCost for WebTegrity Free YouTube videos, plus paid courses on their site.Best  forall types of WordPress users. WebTegrity covers a ton of different topics, so you can probably find something interesting.Find WebTegrity’s YouTube channel  here.WebTegrity releases WordPress-related videos like clockwork, every Wednesday. Their WordPress YouTube channel has over 11,000 subscribers, and they cover topics including SEO tips, WordPress how-tos, and plugin roundups.Some of their best training videos include:A roundup of the best free responsive themes  available in 2016A guide to making phone numbers clickable  in WordPressAnd a Revolution Slider review.5. WP101Cost for WP101 $49 per year after a 7-day free trialBest forWordPress beginners looking for help with specific plugins.Visit WP101 here.WP101 sells premium WordPress training videos on topics like:JetpackNinja FormsWooCommerceYoast SEOMore6. Ferdy Korpershoek YouTube Chann elCost for Ferdy Korpershoeks Channel Free!Best forall types of WordPress users, with a special focus on people who want to build a WordPress site from scratch.Find Ferdy Korpershoek’s YouTube channel  here.Ferdy typically creates and uploads multiple WordPress-related videos daily.Hes popular among his 46,000+ subscribers for his no-nonsense approach to problem-solving. Each of his videos is designed to help you solve a particular issue and boy, does he deliver!7. WPBeginner YouTube ChannelCost for WPBeginner   Free!Best forWordPress beginners!Find WPBeginner’s YouTube channel here.WPBeginner was made solely for beginners. The main goal of this site is to provide quality tips, tricks, hacks, and other WordPress resources that allow WordPress beginners to improve their site.Their YouTube channel has over 105,000 subscribers who indulge in weekly videos covering all kinds of topics such as:How to make a WordPress site privateSetting automatic backupsAnd even creati ng wedding websites.8. WPTuts by PsmegTVCost for WPTuts FreeBest foruser who need help with specific aspects of WordPress. WPTuts tutorials are usually a little more problem-focused than the general tutorials from someone like Adam @ WPCrafter.Find WPTut’s YouTube channel here.WPTuts is a slick WordPress YouTube channel, with an emphasis on guides for various plugins, most specifically page builders and WooCommerce.They currently have 31,000+ subscribers and offer multiple tutorial videos to peruse through, including:WordPress training videos for beginnersElementor Visual Page Editor tutorialsSlider Revolution tutorialsVisual Composer tutorials (updated for 2019!)And moreSide note: They’ve been creating WordPress tutorials for 10+ years. It’s safe to say you’re in good hands here!ConclusionWordPress training videos are essential to keep your website up to date (and of course, to stay on top of your competition).In this post, we presented you with 8 highl y popular WordPress training video outlets to check out. To recap, they were:ThemeisleWPCrafter by Adam PreiserJavaScript for WordPress by Zac GordonWebTegrity by Kori AshtonWP101WordPress King by Ferdy KorpershoekWP BeginnerWPTuts by PsmegTVDo you know of any other great WordPress training videos that you’d like to share with us? Let us know in the comments section below! 8 awesome spots to find #WordPress #training videos. Learn to WordPress better!

August 2007 Most Popular Posts

August 2007 Most Popular Posts August 2007 Most Popular Posts August 2007 Most Popular Posts By Sharon Write First, Edit Later: Well, it is important to write correctly. It makes your communication clearer, and your reputation brighter. But it’s usually better to say what you mean poorly than to say nothing. Passive vs. Active Voice: English teachers like myself love to warn new writers against the evils of passive voice. Here at Daily Writing Tips, Michael has written about passive writing, and I recently wrote about dummy subjects, but it looks like there’s still some confusion about passive voice and its use. â€Å"Could Care Less† versus â€Å"Couldn’t Care Less†: The Oxford dictionary already recognizes â€Å"could care less† as an American colloquialism. Many people, however, regard it as incorrect since it makes no logical sense (if you â€Å"could care less† it means that you care at least a bit). What do you think about it? Have your say in our Poll! Five Spelling Rules for â€Å"Silent Final E†: In an earlier stage of the language, many of these final e’s were pronounced. Now, however, unless the word is a foreign borrowing, the final e is silent. Needed: New Singular Possessive Adjective Combining â€Å"his† and â€Å"her†: I told him that the answer was c) his, but, to my astonishment, the answer key gave b) his or her as the correct answer. That’s when I discovered that I was behind the times when it came to the concept of oppressive gendered language. Punctuation Errors: Quotation Marks for Emphasis: Last month, Daniel covered some of the basic rules for using quotation marks. I’d like to point out one of the most common misuses of this piece of punctuation: the quotation mark for emphasis. Misspelled Numbers, Months, and Days: Yes, these are elementary spelling words, but cruise the web and you will see them misspelled all over the place. The Truth About â€Å"It’s†: As well as I know the rule, as many times as I have corrected the error in the manuscripts of others, the occasional it’s for its creeps into my own writing and must be caught in the final revision. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the General category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Regarding Re:Email EtiquetteArtist vs. Artisan

Determination of nitrogen dioxide content of the atmosphere Lab Report

Determination of nitrogen dioxide content of the atmosphere - Lab Report Example Apparatus include sampling probe, absorber, gas drying tube, air-metering device, thermometer, manometer, air pump, spectrophotometer, and stopwatch. Reagent grade chemicals have been used. Water free from nitrite and deionized according to specification D 1193 for type I or II reagent water has been used. Anhydrous sulfanilic acid has been used as the absorbing reagent, N-(1-Naphthyl)-Ethylenediamine Dihydrochloride stock solution (0.1 percent), Sodium Nitrite standard solution (0.0246 g/L) and NO2 permeation device were reagents and materials that were used in the experiment. 5.0012 g of anhydrous sulfanilic acid was dissolved in 1 L of water containing 140 mL glacial acetic acid. The process was gently heated to speed up the process. 20 mL of the of N-(1-naphthyl)-ethylenediamine dihydrochloride 0.1 % stock solution and 10 mL acetone were added, and diluted to 1 L. 0.1 g of the reagent was dissolved in 100 mL water.Calibration and StandardizationThe flowmeter was calibrated using practice D 3195. The gas meter was calibrated using test method D 1071. Standardization was based on observation. 0.82 mol of NaNO2 produced the same color as 1 mol NO2. 1 mL working standard solution contains 24.6 Â µg NaNO2. The amount of NO2 given by (24.6/69.1)x(46.0/0.82), which is 20 Â µg NO2. Standard conditions of 101 kPa and 25C were taken, and the molar gas volume was 24.47L (ASTM International 3). Graduated amounts of NaNO2 solution were added to a series of 25mL volumetric flasks up to 1 mL.

Research paper Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Research paper - Case Study Example For each of these diseases a physical examination will have to be done to achieve a proper diagnosis of each. A 16-year-old female presented with her mother at the doctor’s office. The patient states that the following subjective symptoms that are bothering her are that she feels extremely tired and fatigued. She has a lack of appetite. She appears to have ‘tomato red cheeks’ as if someone slapped her. She also states that she has had a fever for the past 24 hours. This is according to the mother for she sais that she gave her daughter Tylenol for the fever it was effective for a short while, but fever comes back. They also share that they just moved to California three months ago. The patient also states that she began working for a preschool as a teacher’s helper and that no child is present with any rashes. Patient also states that she has had her period (menses) one week ago. Her mother asks a question about her own health for she happens to be five months pregnant. The three differential diagnoses that this patient could be suffering from are Mononucleosis, Fifth Disease, and Kawasaki’s Disease. This 16 year old female is exhibiting prodromal symptoms (symptoms that occur before the actual onset of the disease) of these three diseases. Diagnosis- Characterized by malaise, anorexia, chills and fever which is a prodromal symptom, pharyngitis and lymphadenopathy. Occasionally the disorder comes on abruptly with high fever. Seek help when severe pharyngitis lasts for five to seven days. Only 90% of patients suffer from lymphadenopathy even though the patient shows no signs at this moment. Rashes that appear look like Rubella when it may appear. Screening- Most persons during adolescence and young adulthood and in the upper socioeconomic classes in developed countries. Relatively asymptomatic when it occurs during childhood and confers complete immunity to

Business Plan for Mobile Phone Shop

Business Plan for Mobile Phone Shop The purpose for this business plan to study the feasibility to establish a mobile phone showroom in Abu Dhabi City, the capital of United Arab Emirates. The showroom will offer Nokia mobile phones as main product. Along with that we will offer a wide range of accessories and relevant spare parts. MyPhone provides both mobile phones products and services to make them useful to private users. We are especially focused on providing customer satisfaction to our esteemed customers. The products include both hand held mobile telephone sets and servicing the products after sales along with giving the necessary training and support. The only way we can hope to differentiate well is to define the vision of the company to be a technology ally to our clients. We will not be able to compete in any effective way with the chains using boxes or products as appliances. We need to offer a real alliance. The benefits we sell include many intangibles: confidence, reliability, knowing that somebody will be there to answer questions and help at the important times. The definitive worldwide standard for wireless communications has just broken through the 200 million-customer barriers. However, the GSM industry is one of the most impressive success stories of the 1990s and currently generates more than $100 Billion a year in subscriber revenues alone. We have some major mobile phone distributors in the city, such like Emirates Computers, Juma Al-Majed and Jumbo Electronics. If our strategy works, we will have differentiated ourselves sufficiently to not have to compete against these stores. Our strategy hinges on providing excellent service and support. This is critical. We need to differentiate on service and support, and to therefore deliver as well. Our business is a retail store. The ideal place for the prospected Showroom will be at the new constructed shopping center in Tourist Club Area at East Side of Abu Dhabi City. In order to hold costs down as much as possible, we concentrate our purchasing with Nokia Regional Office in Jabel Ali at Dubai. We are going to have four major employees: Manger, Sales Lady, Technician and accountant. There are some factors that will affect severely on the growing of our proposed business, such like: Customer is looking into factory guarantee for replacement the defected sets. Nokia corporation will grant us immediately this kind of warranty. Usually customers are insisting in buying only the original spare parts and accessories. Therefore we are going to offer only original spare parts and accessories to gain the customer satisfaction. 1.1 Vision Statement: MyPhone is such a vendor. It serves its clients as a trusted ally, providing them with the loyalty of a business partner and the economics of an outside vendor. We make sure that our clients have what they need to run their private and business life as well as possible, with maximum efficiency and reliability. Our ambitious is mission critical, so we give our clients the assurance that we will be there when they need us. 1.2 Products: MyPhone provides both mobile phones products and services to make them useful to private users. We are especially focused on providing customer satisfaction to our esteemed customers. The products include both hand held mobile telephone sets and servicing the products after sales along with giving the necessary training and support. In mobile phones, we support three main lines: The less feature mobile telephone set, which is our smallest and least expensive line, initially positioned by its manufacturer as low-income users. We use it mainly as a cheap mobile phone for workers and non- professional people. The Power User is our main up-scale line. It is our most important mobile telephone set for high-end individual as classified for medium range of income, because of they are the majority of the users, and they are requiring sets with more features and large capacity batteries. However, we will offer a luxury type of mobile telephone set with extreme fancy looking and elegant design, for the upper class of the society and manly for the Ladies who are impressed for such model as part of their prestige in the society. In service and support, we offer a range of walk-in service and guarantees through our well capable workshop and professional technician. 1.3 Key Features of Products: The only way we can hope to differentiate well is to define the vision of the company to be a technology ally to our clients. We will not be able to compete in any effective way with the chains using boxes or products as appliances. We need to offer a real alliance. The benefits we sell include many intangibles: confidence, reliability, knowing that somebody will be there to answer questions and help at the important times. These are complex products, products that require serious knowledge and experience to use, and our competitors sell only the products themselves. Unfortunately, we cannot sell the products at a higher price just because we offer services; the market has shown that it will not support that concept. We have to also sell the service and charge for it separately. 1.4 Production of Product: As we are attending to be as a distributor only for one of the major brand of Mobile Phone in the market Nokia. Therefore we will import or stock directly, and it will not be any kind of production in our firm. Moreover, our business will depend on retailing and not on production. 2) Company Industry: 2.1 Overview of the Industry Community: The Industry: GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications): The definitive worldwide standard for wireless communications has just broken through the 200 million-customer barriers. Achieving this milestone of 200 million subscribers to GSM services is the powerful result of the continuing need for people to communicate and access information on the move. With four new customers every second, the latest figures exceed, yet again, all industry predictions and demonstrate the persistently dramatic growth of GSM throughout the world. As at the end of 1997, there were more than 200 million mobile phone subscribers worldwide and the global sales volume was over 100 million units, an increase of about 50% from the previous year. By the end of the year 2001, it is believed that the global subscriber base will have grown to approximately 600 million. Coupled with the subscriber increase, the mobile phone sales volumes are growing due to the rise of the replacement market. GSM has established itself as the worlds leading digital wireless standard, and it is believed that the current growth rates will continue for the foreseeable future. At present levels, it is confident in the predictions that by the year 2005, it will have achieved between 700 million and One Billion GSM customers worldwide. The GSM industry is one of the most impressive success stories of the 1990s and currently generates more than $100 Billion a year in subscriber revenues alone. Its impressive growth rates are once again attributed to soaring global markets and the sustained penetration of new emerging markets. In all the markets it has been starting to see a widespread take-up of a host of GSM value added services, beyond voice usage, including data and text applications. This demonstrates how GSM is an evolving technology that offers exciting new services and opportunities for subscribers. The future is even more exciting, as the development path for the GSM standard is clearly mapped out and presents an exciting era of applications and services that will stretch the bounds of the imagination. It is moving closer and closer to the delivery of third generation services, which will see multi-media applications, internet access and access to real-time video, via GSM-based networks and handsets. This will ensure that GSM continues to be the standard of choice and heralds continued massive customer growth in the years to come. The Emirates Telecommunication Corporation Etisalat: The UAE has a prominent status in the field of telecommunications as its achievements are reaching the quality and standards of the developed countries. The demands for telecommunications facilities in the UAE are growing at a phenomenal rate. The local Emirates Telecommunications Corporation (ETISALAT) which is 60% state-owned controls this sector and 40% owned by private UAE investors. Since its creation in 1976, Etisalat has increased the number of telephone lines from 50,000 to over 850,000 and plans to raise switching capacity by an annual rate of 100,000. In the UAE, demand for new lines is growing at about 12% per year. Etisalat, motivated by the realization that attractive infrastructure would encourage many businesses to locate in the UAE, has become one of the most profitable telecommunications organizations in the Gulf region and has joined in a number of projects, ranging from a 19,000 kilometers fiber-optic cable to link Europe with South-East Asia. The first stage of the cable link is to lay the so-called Fiber-Optic Gulf (FOG), which will use the most modern submarine technology and provide the UAE with links capable of carrying around 120,000 voice channels at any one time. Etisalat is the name that spells reliable communications in the UAE with global connectivity. Etisalat provides services on a par with the best in the world and has an advanced communications network, which is virtually fault free. All switching systems are digital, common channel signaling system number 7 (SS7) has been introduced, and an analog mobile radio network has been operating successfully for several years. Some of the state of the art services being offered by Etisalat: Telephone Service: This is done through public call offices, pay phones, smart card and credit card operated pay phones, smart card operated pay phones, and others. A report by the Etisalats director general showed that the direct telephone switchboard lines increased by (10 %) lines yearly and totaling 850,000 at the end of 1999. Telephone lines percentage also increased from 29 to 31 for each 100 people which places the UAE in the lead of the Gulf region. The report also indicated an increase of 27.9% in public phones with an amount of 20,000 at the end of 1999 compared to 12,078 in 1995. As far as mobile phones are concerned, the number of subscriptions reached 1.2 million in end of 1999 compared to 128,495 in 1995. As it is roughly one-in-two of the population and 30,000 to 40,000 new phones were being sold each month. Thus Etisalat maintained its leading position among the countries of the region by realizing the highest growth rates of mobile phones at 50 phones for every 100 people. The Global System for Mobile GSM Communication The digital mobile system which gives a new dimension to mobile communications has been in growing demand because of its satisfactory requirements for national mobile radio networks. These are high performance, international compatibility, fully digital operation, and encrypted air-interface. The UAE is one of the first countries in the Gulf region to introduce this service to serve the social and economic developments in the country. One of the main benefits of the GSM, is the ability to use the GSM service on most of the GSM networks around the world, Charges: GSM service connection Dhs 200 once only GSM service subscription Dhs 90 per quarter SIM card Dhs 30 Call charges (Normal Rate) Dhs 0.39/min. 7:00am to 2:00pm and 4:00pm to 12:00am, (For all days of the week) Call charges (Cheap Rate) Dhs 0.21/min. 2:00pm to 4:00pm and 12:00am to 7:00am, (on all days of the week) International Calls Normal IDD rates apply Emirates Internet: The UAEs window to the world offering connectivity to an unlimited number of network, computers, and users worldwide. The Emirates Internet was established in June 1995. The number of Internet subscribed reached over 25,000 by the end of November 1997. Fax Plus: A new fax plus state-of-the-art service with a host of advanced facilities which lets the person operate even without owning a fax machine. Paging Service: This radio paging service enables people on the move to be in touch in an easy and economical way almost anywhere in the UAE. According to Al Ittihad Newspaper, the UAE is ranked 7th worldwide, with 10% of the population using this service. Voice Mail Service: This includes videoconference service, consultation services, and interactive information service. ATM Service: The Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) is a new service launched recently in order to speed up connections to customers. This is a broadband communications technology, which provides a way of transporting data from a wide range of applications using one seamless network. This service is being introduced to cater for the growing needs of education and business in the UAE and as part of Etisalats planning for the future. Satellite A new satellite company called Al-Thurayya Satellite Communications Organization was launched in January 1997. Its capital is worth $25 million and owned 26% by Etisalat, 20% by the Abu Dhabi Investments Company, 10% by the Arab Satellite Communications Organization (Arabsat), and 10% by Bahrain Telecommunications Company (Batelco), and 44% is owned by other Arab government. The company was set up to own and operates the Thurayya satellite system, which will serve the rapidly expanding mobile phone sector. It will cover the Arab states and part of Europe and the Indian sub-continent. The Community: Abu Dhabi City: Abu Dhabi is the capital of the United Arab Emirates. Its population was estimated 850,000 on 1998, with 70% males. The Gross National Product was estimated on the same fiscal year at Dhs. 65,850 per Capita which equivalent to U.S.$ 17,870. The Gross National Private Local Consumer was Dhs 25,040 per capita. The Gross National Government Consuming was Dhs 10,582 per capita. The Gross National Expenditure was Dhs 48,926 per capita. Which can be lead to be one of the highest per capita in the world. Abu Dhabi is very Modern City. Most of its constructions are less than 15 years old. Since it is the U.A.E. capital, it is containing all the headquarters of the Federal Ministries and other government departments and authorities, beside all the oil and gas companies headquarters, more than 63 local and international banks and many regional offices of the multinational companies. In addition to that, Abu Dhabi has One public women university Zayed University, two campuses of Higher Colleges of Technologies and several colleges branches. 2.2 Major Competitors: a) Major Distributors: We have some major mobile phone distributors in the city, such like Emirates Computers, Juma Al-Majed and Jumbo Electronics. If our strategy works, we will have differentiated ourselves sufficiently to not have to compete against these stores. Strengths: national image, high volume, aggressive pricing, and economies of scale. Weaknesses: lack of product, service and support knowledge, lack of personal attention. b) Other Local Stores: There are more than one hundred retail mobile phone Stores in Abu Dhabi city. These tend to be small businesses, owned by people who started them because they liked mobile phones. They are under-capitalized and under-managed. Margins are squeezed as they compete against the major distributors and against each other in an attempt to match prices. The competition based on price more than on service and support. When asked, the owners will complain that the major distributors squeeze margins and customers buy on price only. They say they tried offering services and that buyers didnt care, instead preferring lower prices. We think the problem is also that they didnt really offer good service, and also that they didnt differentiate from the major distributors. Moreover they are depending in the gray market. 2.3 Comparative Advantages: The marketing of mobile services to business users, and more recently to consumers, has resulted in spectacular growth in the number of subscribers in Gulf Area. Operators now face the challenges of rising customer quantity, the prospect of declining revenue per subscriber, and the scrutiny of performance by investors. Achieving success in these new market conditions calls for a change in strategy from mobile operators a fresh approach to marketing, distribution and customer service to attract more new customers whilst retaining existing customers and protecting future revenue. The buyers understand the concept of service and support, and are much more likely to pay for it when the offering is clearly stated. There is no doubt that we compete much more against all the box pushers than against other service providers. We need to effectively compete against the idea that businesses should buy mobile phones as easy and friendly appliances that dont need ongoing service, support, and training. Our focus group sessions indicated that our target professional users think about price but would buy based on quality service if the offering were properly presented. They think about price because thats all they ever see. We have very good indications that many would rather pay 10-20% more for a relationship with a long-term vendor providing back up and quality service and support; they end up in the box-pusher channels because they arent aware of the alternatives. Availability of the stock is also very important. The buyers tend to want immediate, local solutions to problems. However, our value proposition has to be different from the standard retail shops. We offer our target customer, who is service seeking and not self reliant, a vendor who acts as a strategic ally, at a premium price that reflects the value of reassurance that sets will work. Moreover, our competitive edge is our positioning as strategic ally with our clients, who are clients more than customers. By building a business based on long-standing relationships with satisfied clients, we simultaneously build defenses against competition. The longer the relationship stands, the more we help our clients understand what we offer them and why they need it. Service and Support Our strategy hinges on providing excellent service and support. This is critical. We need to differentiate on service and support, and to therefore deliver as well. 2.4 Future Products Services: We must remain on top of the new technologies, because this is our bread and butter. For telephone sets, we need to provide better knowledge of cross GSS and WAP technologies. Also, we are under pressure to improve our understanding of direct-connect Internet and related communications. Finally, although we have a good command of accessories, we are concerned about getting better at the integration of technologies that creates fax, WAP, E-mail, and voice mail as part of the mobile Telephone set. 3) Operations: 3.1 Location Premises: Our business is a retail store. Therefore in this type of business the customer will come to it, not the sales person has to go to the customer. It is kind of pulling sales strategy not pushing sales strategy. Thus, the physical location will be the key to success or failure to this business. However, the ideal place for the prospected Showroom, after taking in consideration the locations for the others competitors, will be at the new constructed shopping center in Tourist Club Area at East Side of Abu Dhabi City. As in new shopping center, we will enjoy the being in the summit reputation beside the advantage of parking lot availability, which has become a great problem in the city in these days. The shop will be at the ground floor. To grantee that all the visitors of this particular Shopping Center will have the chance to see the place and they will be aware that a new mobile showroom will be available for them. Furthermore, we can utilize the front of the showroom to demonstrating the products in front of the shoppers, They will see and know what kind of products we are offering before they have even entered to the showroom. The area for the place is suggested to be not less than 100 square meters that can be distributed as the following: Lounge with area of 50 square meter. Two small offices one for the showroom manager and the other for the accountant with area of 6 square meters for each of them. Store with an area of 5 square meters, for the products with necessary cabinets. Service Area of 20 square meters furnituing with necessary tables, counter and cabinets. 3.2 Purchase: Our costs are part of the margin squeeze. As competition on price increases, the squeeze between manufacturers price into channels and end-users ultimate buying price continues. With the mobile phone sets, our margins are declining steadily. It is being squeezed to more like 13-15% at present. In the main-line accessories a similar trend shows, with prices declining steadily. In order to hold costs down as much as possible, we concentrate our purchasing with Nokia Regional Office in Jabel Ali, which offers 30-day net terms and overnight shipping from the warehouse at Jabel Ali in Dubai. We need to concentrate on making sure our volume gives us negotiating strength. Moreover, In accessories and add-on we can still get decent margins, 25% to 40%. 3.3 Resources: a) We are going to have four major employees: Employee Responsibilities Manger Supervising and Purchasing affairs Sales Lady Sales Affairs Technician Workshop Affairs Accountant Accounts and Bookkeeping We are in need for very little equipment to run the project; this equipment will be bought. As no trend in United Arab Emirates to rent such equipment. 4) Management: The management in the our firm believes very strongly that relationships should be forthright, work should be structured with enough room for creativity, and pay should be commensurate with the amount and quality of work completed. 4.1 Management Structure: Owner Manager Accountant Sales Lady Technician 4.2 Professional Services Employee Training: A) Legal Affairs: Especially in the beginning, therefore we have already negotiated with a very respectful Advocate office in Abu Dhabi City, who is having a good experience in the commercial and civil affairs. He will take care for all the Legal Affairs, including Renting Contract, Maintenance Contract, and Labor/Employee Contracts, Revising the purchasing and banking agreements, etc. B) Accounting Procedures: The financial information is too essential for an well-organized business firm. Therefore a bookkeeping system has to be maintained to include all the account procedures. Moreover, all the payments to be made preferably by checks, and not by cash. The daily sales to be deposited in the bank next working day. However to organize the purchasing of the goods, They would be imported by the banks letter of credit (L.C.) only. C) Insurance Expenses: Our mobile phone showroom should insure the business along with its stock. As our business requires insurance for such robbery crimes or thefts. Further, we will insure our staff. We can estimate the insurance premium at Dhs. 6,000 for the First year. As revenue increases in the second and third year of Business. D) Banking Affairs: As the purchasing of the main product will be from Jabel Ali warehouse of regional company of Nokia, therefore the financing of such deals should be on Letter of Credit (LC). We will intend to open two current accounts with two different banks, which will give us more flexibility in the finance procedures. Employee Training: We will have only four staff. These staff will hire them, with sufficient experience in the relative field. Therefore, no training is mainly required at the beginning. However, the regional office of Nokia in Jabel Ali Free Zone, they are organizing such training session, whenever new product is introduce to the market. Therefore we are planning to send our technician to these training session whenever they will be made available. 4.3 Risks Plans to Minimize: There are some factors that will affect severely on the growing of our proposed business, such like: Customer is looking into factory guarantee for replacement the defected sets. Since we are purchasing directly from the regional office in Jabel Ali free zone. Therefore, Nokia corporation will grant us immediately this kind of warranty. However some other retail shops are buying their product from the gray market in Dubai. In this case, they can not offer any kind of grantee in their products. Moreover, we are attending to put this information on all of our advertising campaigns and sale brochures. Usually customers are insisting in buying only the original spare parts and accessories (which are coming from same manufacture). Therefore we are going to offer only original spare parts and accessories to gain the customer satisfaction. 4.4 Implementation Schedule: Activity Deadline Required Time Start Date Renting The Space Jan 31,2001 One month Jan 2, 2001 Decoration Mar. 31, 2001 Two Months Feb 1, 2001 Hiring the Staff Mar. 31, 2001 One month Mar. 1, 2001 Furnishing April 30, 2001 One month April 1, 2001 Importing the goods April 30, 2001 Two Months Mar. 1, 2001 Grand Opening May 1, 2001

College Pressure

â€Å"What's wrong with the students of today? Back when I was a student we had a better attitude! † Criticisms like this are often heard from parents and teachers, in the newspapers and other media? And it's been that way ever since education began. No matter what society or era you consider, there are always plenty of wise authorities pointing out that â€Å"The students of today† are somehow failing to grasp the true meaning of university education. Or maybe it's the other way around: Are universities failing to grasp the true meaning of students? This text examines different aspects of this question and discusses the many pressures that modern students face. College  Pressures William Zinsser I am master of Branford College at Yale. I live on the campus and know the students well. (We have 485 of them. ) I listen to their hopes and fears — and also to their stereo music and their piercing cries in the dead of night (â€Å"Does anybody care? â€Å"). They come to me to ask how to get through the rest of their lives. Mainly I try to remind them that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don't want to hear such news. They want a map — right now — that they can follow directly to career security, financial security, social security and, presumably, a prepaid grave. What I wish for all students is some release from the grim grip of the future. I wish them a chance to enjoy each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a tiresome requirement in preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as educational as victory and is not the end of the world. My wish, of course, is naive. One of the few rights that America does not proclaim is the right to fail. Achievement is the national god, worshipped in our media — the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive — and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old. I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It's easy to look around for bad guys — to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no bad guys, only victims. Today it is not unusual for a student, even one who works part time at college and full time during the summer, to have accumulated $5,000 in loans after four years — loans that the student must start to repay within one year after graduation (and incidentally, not all these loans are low-interest, as many non-students believe). Encouraged at the commencement ceremony to go forth into the world, students are already behind as they go forth. How can they not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? Women at Yale are under even more pressure than men to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society hasn't yet caught up with this fact. Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined. I see students taking premedical courses with joyless determination. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know them in other corners of their life as cheerful people. â€Å"Do you want to go to medical school? † I ask them. â€Å"I guess so,† they say, without conviction, or, â€Å"Not really. †    â€Å"Then why are you going? † â€Å"My parents want me to be a doctor. They're paying all this money and †¦ †   Ã‚   Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin from the very start of freshman year. I had a freshman student I'll call Linda,† one instructor told me, â€Å"who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I couldn't tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda. † The story is almost funny — except that it's not . It's a symptom of all the pressures put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they could sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the rattling of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: â€Å"Will I get everything done? †   Ã‚  Ã‚   Probably they won't. They will get sick. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out. I've painted too grim a portrait of today's students, making them seem too solemn. That's only half of their story; the other half is that these students are nice people, and easy to like. They're quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They're more considerate of one another than any student generation I've ever known. If I've described them primarily as driven creatures who largely ignore the joyful side of life, it's because that's where the problem is — not only at Yale but throughout American education. It's why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age. I tell students that there is no one â€Å"right† way to get ahead — that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell them that change is healthy and that people don't have to fit into pre-arranged slots. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. I invite heads of companies, editors of magazines, politicians, Broadway producers, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians — a mixed bag of achievers. I ask them to say a few words about how they got started. The students always assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. But in fact, most of them got where they are by a circuitous route, after many side trips. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not preplanned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to lead them down some unforeseen trail. College Pressures by William Zinsser( , ) , , , Dear Carlos: I desperately need a dean's excuse for my chem midterm which will begin in about 1 hour. All I can say is that I totally blew it this week. I've fallen incredibly, inconceivably behind. Carlos: Help! I'm anxious to hear from you. I'll be in my room and won't leave it until I hear from you. Tomorrow is the last day for †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Carlos: I left town because I started bugging out again. I stayed up all night to finish a take-home make-up exam and am typing it to hand in on the 10th. It was due on the 5th. P. S. I'm going to the dentist. Pain is pretty bad. Carlos: Probably by Friday I'll be able to get back to my studies. Right now I'm going to take a long walk. This whole thing has taken a lot out of me. Carlos: I'm really up the proverbial creek. The problem is I really bombed the history final. Since I need that course for my major I †¦. Carlos: Here follows a tale of woe. I went home this weekend, had to help my Mom, and caught a fever so didn't have much time to study. My professor †¦.. Carlos: Aargh!! Trouble. Nothing original but everything's piling up at once. To be brief, my job interview †¦.. Hey Carlos, good news! I've got mononucleosis. Who are these wretched supplicants, scribbling notes so laden with anxiety, seeking such miracles of postponement and balm? They are men and women who belong to Branford College, one of the twelve residential colleges at Yale University, and the messages are just a few of the hundreds that they left for their dean, Carlos Hortas — often slipped under his door at 4 a. m. — last year. But students like the ones who wrote those notes can also be found on campuses from coast to coast — especially in New England, and at many other private colleges across the country that have high academic standards and highly motivated students. Nobody could doubt that the notes are real. In their urgency and their gallows humor they are authentic voices of a generation that is panicky to succeed. My own connection with the message writers is that I am master of Branford College. I live in its Gothic quadrangle and know the students well. (We have 485 of them. ) I am privy to their hopes and fears — and also to their stereo music and their piercing cries in the dead of night (â€Å"Does anybody ca-a-are? â€Å"). If they went to Carlos to ask how to get through tomorrow, they come to me to ask how to get through the rest of their lives. Mainly I try to remind them that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don't want to hear such liberating news. They want a map — right now — that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, social security and, presumably, a prepaid grave. What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world. My wish, of course, is naive. One of the few rights that America does not proclaim is the right to fail. Achievement is the national god, venerated in our media — the million dollar athlete, the wealthy executive — and the glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old. I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villians — to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are are no villians, only victims. â€Å"In the late 1960's,† one dean told me, â€Å"the typical question that I got from students was, ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world? ‘ or ‘How can I make a contribution? ‘ Today it's, ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them? Many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said, â€Å"They're trying to find an edge — the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal. † Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on pape r is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale's official system of grading, A means â€Å"excellent† and B means â€Å"very good. † Today, looking very good is no longer enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh, Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170 students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000. It's all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it's nice to think that admission officers are really reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with A's that they regard a B as positively shameful. The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the â€Å"gentlemen's C,† when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses — music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion — that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would employ graduates who have this range and curiousity rather than those who narrowly purused safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I don't know if they are getting A's or C's, and I don't care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They can't. Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now comes to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60% of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what colleges receive in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs higher every year, of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in America the creation of a brotherhood of paupers — colleges, parents and students, joined by the common bond of debt. Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part-time at college and full-time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years — loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used â€Å"he,† incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themsleves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society hasn't yet caught up with that fact. Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined. I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know them in other corners of their life as cheerful people. â€Å"Do you want to go to medical school? I ask them. â€Å"I guess so,† they say, without conviction, or â€Å"Not really. † â€Å"Then why are you going? † â€Å"Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They're paying all this money and †¦ † Poor students, poor parents. They are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean well; they are trying to steer their sons and daughters toward a secure future. But the so ns and daughters want to major in history or classics or philosophy — subjects with no â€Å"practical† value. Where's the payoff on the humanities? It's not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do, indeed, pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics — an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective — are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many thaters would rather put their money on courses that point toward a specific profession — courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or as I sometimes put it, â€Å"pre-rich. † But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obligated to fulfill their parents' expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them. I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one — she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-rounded person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a â€Å"dumb† thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the â€Å"dumb† courses her father wants her to take — at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students — no small achievement in itself — she deserves to follow her muse. Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year. I had a freshman student I'll call Linda, † one dean told me, â€Å"who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I couldn't tell her that Barabra had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda. † The story is almost funny — except that it's not. It's symptomatic of all the pressures put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clack of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due : â€Å"Will I get everything done? † Probably they won't. They will get sick. They will get â€Å"blocked†. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out. Hey Carlos, Help! Part of the problem is that they do more than they are expected to do. A professor will assign five-page papers. Several students will start writing ten-page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment. â€Å"Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,† one dean points out, â€Å"it's just bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic works, psychologically. † Why can't the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor's main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and doesn't know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He didn't sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought from home. That's what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for. To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students don't have as much time to spend. They also are overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their fingernails onto a shrinking profession. If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments — as departmental chairmen or members of committees — that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe. Ultimately it will be the student's own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents' dreams and their classmates' fears. They must be jolted into believing in themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future. â€Å"Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,† says Carlos Horta. â€Å"College should be open-ended; at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along, it's almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist — that they've got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best-paying slot. † â€Å"They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to a life of colorless mediocrity. They'll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing. † I have painted too drab a portrait of today's students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story: if they were so dreary I wouldn't so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are unusually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known. Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extra-curricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, peform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it. This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the '60's they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale's residential colleges as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions — as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians — with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies. They also can't afford to be the willing slave for organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper whose past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr. — much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that â€Å"newsies† routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today's student will write one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I've never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet. If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it's because that's where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It's why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age. I tell students that there is no one â€Å"right† way to get ahead — that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway producers, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians — a mixed bag of achievers. I ask them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitious route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.